The left testicular vein drains into which vein, and the right testicular vein drains into which vein?

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The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, which then passes blood to the inferior vena cava, while the right testicular vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. This asymmetry comes from how the gonadal veins connect in the retroperitoneum: the left vein first joins the left renal vein, whereas the right vein has a direct route to the inferior vena cava. The other options involve parts of the portal or hepatic venous systems, which are not how gonadal veins drain.