Neurosonology Practice Exam

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• A pyramidal lobe is an anomaly where a third thyroid gland extends ________.
• The prostate is bounded posteriorly by which structure?
• How would an invasive ductal carcinoma mass typically appear?
• Which structure is the largest white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres?
• What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?
• Where is the most frequent location for subependymal hemorrhage?
• You find multiple cystic spaces lateral to the ventricles, these were not present last time you scanned them; they are increasing echogenicity. This could be what?
• On a nuclear medicine thyroid scan, a cold nodule is most suspicious for malignancy.
• The majority of breast cancers arise from which part of the breast anatomy?
• What is an epididymal head cyst containing sperm?
• The diagnosis of scrotal disease is based on which three elements?
• Which description best fits the content of a simple breast cyst on ultrasound?
• Which vessel does the left testicular vein drain into?
• What is the echogenicity of the normal thyroid gland?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a simple breast cyst?
• Which phrase best defines Grade 3 intraventricular hemorrhage?
• Compared with a term infant, what is the expected appearance of the brain at 24 weeks gestation?
• What structures connect the fascia around the ducts and glands to the skin and provide breast support and structure?
• What is the most common malignant tumor of the testicle?
• A palpable mass around 2 to 3 cm that is the most common solid benign breast mass is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• Synthesis of T3 and T4 depends on the availability of which chemical?
• What is the pathway of communication of CSF between the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle?
• A patient presents with right-sided scrotal swelling, pain, fever, and a highly vascular testis on ultrasound. The most likely diagnosis is:
• Which term describes the midline fluid-filled space between the leaves of the septum pellucidum?
• In the pathway of sperm, which structure directly receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules before it travels to the epididymis?
• What term describes focal or diffuse enlargement of the thyroid?
• Which gland produces T3 and T4?
• Gynecomastia involves enlargement of which tissue in males?
• The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland.
• What structure may be confused with a thyroid mass or a parathyroid mass due to its relationship to the trachea and posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?
• The prostate is bounded superiorly by which structure?
• In the majority of patients, how many parathyroid glands are present, and where are they located relative to the thyroid?
• The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, while the right drains into the inferior vena cava. True or false?
• In a lactating patient with suspected mastitis, which ultrasound finding is most likely?
• BPH originates from which zone of the prostate?
• A 50-year-old patient presents with low T3, low T4 and elevated TSH, weight gain and depression. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Would a malignant thyroid nodule typically appear echogenic on ultrasound?
• What is the functional tissue of the breast termed as?
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with which thyroid dysfunction?
• The enlargement of male ductal elements due to hormonal fluctuations and other factors is called?
• Which three characteristics are more commonly associated with benign breast masses?
• Intraventricular hemorrhage grading, which feature defines Grade 4 IVH?
• Which lesion is described as the most common benign solid tumor found in young women?
• What is the most common cancer in men?
• In breast imaging, a benign mass is more likely to be which orientation?
• Which term denotes the anterior fibromuscular portion of the prostate?
• Which Doppler finding is most commonly associated with acute testicular torsion?
• Which imaging feature is most strongly associated with malignant thyroid nodules?
• What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults?
• On scrotal ultrasound, how would a seminoma typically appear?
• What connects the right and left hemispheres?
• What part of the caudate nucleus is a common site for bleeds?
• A serous fluid collection that accumulates between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis is called what?
• Which structure is seen on ultrasound as the Eiffel Tower sign?
• What divides the scrotum into two compartments?
• The left testicular vein drains into which vein, and the right testicular vein drains into which vein?
• In Graves disease, the thyroid produces how many thyroid hormones?
• PSA testing is primarily used to screen for which condition?
• Varicoceles are most commonly located on which side?
• The most common malignant tumor of the testicle originates from germ cells; which tumor type is most common?
• If the infection involves both the epididymis and the testis, the diagnosis is called:
• What is the proper term for milk secretion?
• What is the treatment for BPH?
• The frontal, occipital, and temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are joined together by which region?
• Which condition would appear sonographically as a fluid collection surrounding the testicle?
• Can breast ultrasound differentiate cystic from solid masses?
• Which of the following structures is part of the spermatic cord?
• What is the other term for a hamartoma?
• Which disease may cause hyperthyroidism?
• Which statement about the verumontanum is true?
• Which structure transports mature sperm from the epididymis toward the ejaculatory ducts?
• Which structure is the largest bundle of white matter in the brain and forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?
• The seminal vesicles lie posterior and lateral to the prostate. Which of the following best describes their relationship?
• What is the name of the fluid-filled space in the midline of the brain that lies between the lateral ventricles?
• Which groove is associated with subependymal hemorrhage in neonates?
• The external seam that divides the scrotum is called the:
• A young male presents with direct trauma to the testicle. Ultrasound shows a large collection of fluid in the scrotum with echogenic debris. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which zone is the primary site for prostatic cancers?
• What is the most common type of thyroid abnormality?
• Which structure connects the breast fascia to the skin and provides support?
• Which prostate zone is most commonly involved in BPH?
• Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of CSF?
• Which of the following describes the characteristics of a simple cyst?
• Which imaging guided procedure is done immediately before surgery to help the surgeon find a lesion?
• What are the sonographic findings of nodules that are considered higher risk for malignancy?
• Which examination best assesses benign prostatic hyperplasia?
• How many parathyroid glands are typically present?
• To distinguish a periventricular blush from periventricular leukomalacia, the brain should be viewed from which fontanelle?
• What is the thick fibrous capsule that covers the testicle?
• Which Doppler pattern is classically associated with Graves disease?
• Are the normal parathyroid glands seen on ultrasound?
• In acute testicular torsion within 1-6 hours, intratesticular flow is ______ and testicular echogenicity and size are ______.
• Undescended testes are referred to as which term?
• What is the term that describes when one or both testes has not descended into the scrotum?
• Milky cyst caused by obstruction of the lactiferous duct in a lactating or pregnant patient is called?
• Which structure is the site of spermatogenesis?
• What type of nodule on a nuclear medicine scan is associated with a malignant thyroid nodule?
• Where do the majority of intracranial hemorrhages originate in neonates?
• Which statement best describes the ultrasound findings associated with acute testicular torsion?
• Which statement correctly defines Grade 4 IVH?
• Which tissue predominates the breast to affect size in older women?
• The hypothalamus produces _________, which controls the release of ______ by the anterior pituitary gland.
• Which term describes a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland?
• What hormones do the thyroid gland produce?
• Which statement best describes the appearance of the brain at 24 weeks gestation on ultrasound compared with term?
• A sign on imaging that suggests implant rupture includes which of the following?
• Left-sided location, infertility, and palpable extratesticular mass are most associated with which condition?
• Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating calcium levels?
• What is the main purpose of the parathyroid gland?
• The largest percentage of prostate cancers originate from which zone?
• What is the most common diffuse disease of the breast?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a site for breast cancer metastasis in the material?
• Hydrocele is a serous fluid collection that accumulates between which two layers?
• Which thyroid condition is associated with a 'thyroid inferno' on Doppler ultrasound?
• Fat appears ________ than the glandular tissue of the breast on ultrasound.
• The Eiffel Tower sign represents the junction of which two structures?
• What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?
• Where does spermatogenesis occur?
• Calcifications commonly seen in the prostate are termed?
• The prostate is bounded inferiorly by which structure?
• The structures that converge at the mediastinum to form the rete testis are the:
• The seminal vesicle lies _________ and _________ to the prostate.
• Would a simple cyst in the breast appear isoechoic?
• What is the modality of choice when screening for breast malignancy?
• Can prostate cancer be both focal and diffuse?
• Where are the parathyroid glands typically located?
• Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Which of the following statements is true?
• A normal lymph node will be ________ and ________ in shape, with an _________ hilum and less than ___.
• What is the common sonographic appearance of a seminoma?
• The prostate is bounded laterally by which structure?
• In IVH grading, which option correctly defines Grade 3?
• What term describes a cyst of the epididymal head that contains sperm?
• Which condition is the most common ischemic lesion in the immature brain, affecting white matter?
• What substance does the thyroid use to produce hormones?
• What is the correct pathway of sperm from the testicle to the vas deferens?
• In a 26-week gestation fetus, ultrasound shows a dilated left ventricle filled with echogenic material while the right ventricle is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which of the following is NOT a common cause of elevated PSA levels?
• What tissue is responsible for breast size in older women?
• Periventricular leukomalacia is the most frequent ischemic lesion in the immature brain and affects which tissue?
• How many parathyroid glands are typically present in an adult?
• What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of the spermatic cord?
• Which of the following is listed as a site breast cancer metastasizes from?
• PSA elevation can occur with which of the following conditions?
• The cranial portion of the prostate is called the base; the caudal portion is called the apex. Which term pair is correct?
• What is the non-glandular anterior portion of the prostate?
• The thyroid is a(n) ______ gland.
• Where is BPH most commonly found?
• Peau d'orange is the ________ of the breast skin and could cause mastitis or carcinoma.
• Which combination of signs is associated with implant rupture?
• A person with a normal thyroid hormone level is considered?
• Which hormone is released by the parathyroid glands to regulate calcium levels?
• Which structure forms the posterior boundary of the prostate?
• What is the most common type of breast cancer?
• Which muscle is located posterior to the breast tissue and deep fascial plane?
• Which nutrient is regulated by the parathyroid glands?
• How does prostate cancer typically appear on ultrasound?
• What is the linear echogenic band that extends cranialcaudal within the testis?
• What does SEH stand for in neonatal neurosonology?
• Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men.
• A patient with bladder fullness, increased frequency, and nocturia most likely has which condition?
• Which term best describes the functional tissue of the breast used to produce milk?
• Is it common or rare for cancer to metastasize to the breast?
• Which statement best describes the typical ultrasound finding in a seminoma?
• The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate is best described as which?
• Which statement best describes a typical simple breast cyst on ultrasound?
• In Hashimoto's, what lab pattern would be expected?
• What is the network of tubules in the mediastinum?
• Which term describes the non-glandular anterior portion of the prostate?
• A potential complication of cryptorchidism is which of the following?
• Fibrocystic changes are most commonly described as which of the following?
• Hypercalcemia is associated with which condition?
• On ultrasound, a suspicious lesion within the prostate is most often described as which?
• Fibroadenolipoma is another term for which lesion?
• The two layers of the tunica vaginalis are:
• What is the most common malignant tumor of the testis?
• Which lesion is recognized as the most common solid benign breast mass?
• What term refers to the intense color flow signals associated with Graves' disease?
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis affects which gland?
• What type of calcifications indicate malignant thyroid nodule?
• A breastfeeding patient presents with fever, leukocytosis, left breast redness and pain. Ultrasound shows ductal dilation and echogenic changes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which vessels lie most adjacent and lateral to the lobes of the thyroid?
• Which statement defines Grade 2 intraventricular hemorrhage?
• What is the most common benign solid breast tumor found in young women?
• Which orientation is more typical of a malignant breast mass?
• Which statement best describes the imaging appearance of an invasive ductal carcinoma?
• Which muscles are located posterior to the thyroid gland?
• What is the most common malignant tumor of the thyroid gland?
• Which statement best describes the ultrasound finding for acute torsion within the early window?
• Which ultrasound finding is commonly observed in Graves disease due to hypervascularity?
• Which of the following best describes fibroadenoma in young women?